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Exercise 2.8.7 (Number of solutions of $x^{p-1} \equiv 1 \pmod p$; of $x^{p-1} \equiv 2 \pmod p$)
If is an odd prime, how many solutions are there to , to ?
Answers
Proof. By Fermat’s theorem, every integer such that satisfies . So there are solutions to the congruence .
Therefore for every integer . The congruence has no solution. □